The concept was 11 by Richard Booth, who opened the first second-hand bookshop in Hay-on-Wye, UK in 1961.
答案：(A) initiated
語意「這個概念是由理查布斯『發起』的」，initiated（發起）符合，呼應後文他開了第一家二手書店；represented（代表）、acknowledged（承認）、manipulated（操縱）都不合。
initiate 這個動詞你可能沒什麼印象，但它的親戚你天天在用——initial（最初的）、initials（姓名的第一個字母）。這一家字共用同一個核心概念：開頭。initiate 就是「開創、發起」，把一件原本不存在的事情啟動起來。
句子是 The concept was ___ by Richard Booth, who opened the first second-hand bookshop in Hay-on-Wye, UK in 1961。關係子句裡的 the first（第一家）和 1961 這個年份，已經把「最早、開端」講得很清楚。再看下一句 Following him, many local people opened their own bookshops（跟著他，許多當地人也開了自己的書店）——有人在前面帶頭，後面才有人跟進，這就是「發起」。
represented（代表）：被代表的通常是一群人或一種立場，一個「概念」不會由某個人來代表；acknowledged（承認、認可）講的是概念後來被大家接受，時間點在後，跟「開第一家店」的起點對不上；manipulated（操縱）帶明顯負面色彩，與全文對布斯的正面敘述矛盾。
initiate a project／program（發起計畫）、initiative（主動、倡議）、take the initiative（採取主動、率先行動）、acknowledge a mistake（承認錯誤）、manipulate public opinion（操縱輿論）、second-hand bookshop（二手書店）。
A book town is a rural town in which second-hand and antiquarian bookshops are concentrated. The concept was 11 by Richard Booth, who opened the first second-hand bookshop in Hay-on-Wye, UK in 1961. Following him, many local people opened their own bookshops, and the small town soon became a model of sustainable rural development and tourism.
Since the 1970s, book towns like Hay on-Wye 12 up all over the world. Although all book towns have a great number of bookshops, that's where the similarities 13 . Each of these towns shows unique features of its own. Some have many small private shops, while others have organizations steered by volunteers. Some even run regular activities to attract visitors. For example, an annual book festival is held in Hay-on-Wye. Clunes, in Australia, holds a monthly book talk that hosts authors to discuss their latest 14 .
As digital reading is changing our traditional way of reading, book towns like Hay-on-Wye are particularly important to 15 . The feel of a book, the smell, the weight, and the knowledge that a particular book might be more than a hundred years old—all these highlight the importance of preserving the physical book as a complement to technology.