Since then Australia 28 from the rest of the world by vast oceans.
答案:(D) has been isolated
現在完成式被動語態 has been isolated,「從那時起,澳洲就一直被廣闊的海洋孤立至今」(since then(自那時起) 表示從過去到現在持續的狀態);is isolated(現在簡單式,不符合持續性)、had isolated(過去完成主動,方向與時態都不合)、has isolated(現在完成主動,方向不合,應該是「被隔離」不是「隔離別人」)都不合。
看到 Since then,現在完成式幾乎是反射動作,你會很快在 has isolated 與 has been isolated 之間挑一個,而 has isolated 比較短、比較像背過的樣子。答對率不到五成、鑑別度只有 33,連高分群考生也大量失手:難的不是想到現在完成式,那一步大家都會;難的是還要再加一層被動,兩個條件得同時滿足。對「since 配現在完成式」這個公式越熟的人,越容易填完就走,不會回頭檢查動作的方向。
四個選項都是同一個動詞 isolate 的時態與語態組合,可見這一格考的是形態,那就把句子裡的訊號一個一個找出來。第一個訊號是句首的 Since then(從那時起):時間從過去某一點一路延伸到現在,終點就是此刻,所以要用現在完成式,掛鉤是國中的 I have lived here for five years.(我在這裡住了五年了。)。第二個訊號在空格後面:from the rest of the world by vast oceans——by 帶出的是動作的執行者(廣闊的海洋),會出現 by 就代表這是被動。兩個訊號一起要求現在完成式的被動,也就是 has been isolated。還有一招可以驗算:主動的 has isolated 後面一定要接受詞(isolate 是及物動詞,「把某物隔開」),但空格後面只有 from 與 by 兩個介系詞片語,沒有任何受詞可接——這是「被動之後不能再接原受詞」那條鐵律的反面用法,主動卻找不到受詞,一樣先刷掉。
has isolated:現在完成式主動,缺受詞,而且方向錯了,澳洲不是去把別人隔開。is isolated:被動沒錯,但現在簡單式只描述現在的狀態,接不上 Since then 那條從過去延伸到現在的時間線。had isolated:過去完成式需要另一個更晚的過去時間點當基準,本句沒有;主動與缺受詞的問題也一樣沒解決。
be isolated from(與……隔絕)、since then(自那時起)、the rest of the world(世界其他地方)、be separated from(與……分開)、be cut off from(與……斷絕往來)、vast oceans(廣闊的海洋)。
Up to about 250 million years ago the world had just one huge super-continent called Pangaea. Animals were able to move and intermix with 26. About 200 million years ago this super-continent broke up into two continents: Laurasia and Gondwana. About 60 million years ago Gondwana broke up into 27 later became South America, Africa, Antarctica, India and Australia.
Since then Australia 28 from the rest of the world by vast oceans. The animals there no longer had 29 with animals from other parts of the world. They evolved separately. As a result, about 95 of Australia's mammals and 94 of its frogs are found 30 else in the world. Australia has lots of very unusual animals.