Tree products have been an important part of diets for thousands of years, from early humans 26 fruits and nuts to the first cultivation of important trees, such as mango and apple.
答案:(D) gathering
【句型】gathering fruits and nuts為動名詞片語,與後文the first cultivation of important trees(名詞片語)構成from X to Y的對等平行結構,兩者皆作介系詞from的受詞,表示「從早期人類採集水果與堅果的階段,到栽培重要樹種的階段」;to gather(不定詞)、gather(原形動詞)皆不符合此處對等平行的名詞性結構;gathered(過去分詞,語意方向不合,應為人類「主動」採集,而非人類「被採集」)亦不合。
看到 from … to … 你想到的是「從 A 到 B」的距離或時間,很少人會停下來檢查一件事:from 後面和 to 後面接的東西,必須是同一種性質的東西。這一格考的就是這個平行結構,而且四個選項都是同一個動詞的變化形,等於直接問你「這個位置該放哪一種形式」。
先把 from 和 to 各自帶的內容框起來對齊看:from early humans ___ fruits and nuts / to the first cultivation of important trees。to 後面是 the first cultivation(名詞片語),而且它指的是一件「事」—— 人類最早開始栽培樹木這個階段。from 是介系詞,後面也必須是名詞性質,而且要跟「一件事」對得起來。這一步是本題最關鍵的判斷,也是最容易做歪的地方:如果把 gathering 讀成修飾 early humans 的形容詞(「採集水果堅果的早期人類」),from 後面就變成「一群人」,to 後面卻是「一件事」—— 人對事,兩端不對等,平行結構立刻垮掉。正確的讀法是:gathering 是動名詞,early humans 是它意義上的主詞,整包 early humans gathering fruits and nuts 是一個名詞性的單位,意思是「早期人類採集水果與堅果這件事」,這樣才跟 the first cultivation of important trees(最早栽培重要樹種這件事)站在同一個層次。整句要說的是:樹木產物在人類飲食中的重要性,從「早期人類採集果實堅果」一路延續到「人類最早開始栽培芒果、蘋果這類重要果樹」。from … to … 拉的是時間軸上的兩個階段,兩端當然都得是「階段」。
這個結構你在課本上見過:Do you mind my opening the window?(你介意我開窗嗎?)—— 被介意的不是「我」,是「我開窗」這件事,my 是動名詞 opening 意義上的主詞。本題的 early humans gathering … 是同一個道理,只是主詞用原形名詞而不是所有格;正式文體會寫成所有格,現代英文直接用名詞更常見,兩種都看得到。最後用主動被動再確認一次:採集的動作是人類做的,是主動,所以用 -ing 的 gathering;若換成過去分詞 gathered 就變成被動,語意講不通。
to gather(不定詞)不能當介系詞 from 的受詞 —— 介系詞後面接名詞或動名詞,不接不定詞,這是很硬的規則,例 be good at cooking(擅長烹飪),不能寫成 be good at to cook。gather(原形動詞)會讓句子在沒有連接詞的情況下多出一個動詞,結構直接崩掉。gathered(過去分詞)方向錯,如上所述。
from A to B(從 A 到 B,兩端性質須對等)、mind sb doing sth(介意某人做某事)、be good at + V-ing(擅長做……)、gather fruits and nuts(採集水果與堅果)、cultivation(栽培、耕作)、such as(例如)、be an important part of(是……的重要一環)、for thousands of years(數千年來)。
Nutritional products that can be collected from trees include fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves, and bark. Tree products have been an important part of diets for thousands of years, from early humans 26 fruits and nuts to the first cultivation of important trees, such as mango and apple.
The apple is one of the world's most cultivated fruit trees, 27 over 7,000 different kinds in existence. Despite their great 28 , however, most domesticated apples can be traced back to a common ancestor, the wild apple of Central Asia, Malus sieversii. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and 29 to North America by European colonists in the 17th century.
Today, apples are 30 eaten the world over and form the basis for multi-million dollar industries. In 2005, at least 55 million tons of apples were grown worldwide, which generated a value of about $10 billion.