Yet, knowing perfectly well 19 a troublemaker his son was, the father refused to give them any money. 20 , he asked the kidnappers to pay him $250 to take the boy back.
答案：(D) Instead
前面說父親拒絕付錢，這句「取而代之」，父親反而要求綁匪付錢給他，Instead（取而代之）符合這種反轉的語意；Namely（即）、Altogether（總共）、Simply（僅僅）都不合。
instead 你最熟的形狀是 instead of，而 instead of 後面一定要接名詞或 V-ing。這一題空格後面是逗號加一個完整句子，沒有 of，很多人因此覺得「instead 單獨用怪怪的」而放掉它。其實 instead 本身就是副詞，意思是「取而代之、反倒」，放句首加逗號或放句尾都是標準用法（劍橋詞典 instead：in place of someone or something else，取代某人或某物）。
空格在句首、後面接逗號，又是一題靠前後句關係決定的題目，所以要往回讀一句。前一句 the father refused to give them any money（父親拒絕付他們任何錢）是「不做 A」；空格這一句 he asked the kidnappers to pay him $250 to take the boy back（他反過來要求綁匪付他 $250，他才願意把男孩帶回去）是「改做 B」。「不做 A，反而做 B」正是 instead 的功能：它替換掉前一句被否決的那個動作。驗算方式是把省略的部分補回去：Instead of giving them money, he asked the kidnappers to pay him $250. 兩句意思一樣，補回去之後你就看得出來，句首那個光溜溜的 instead 其實是 instead of that 省略掉 of that 的結果 — of 後面的內容前一句已經講過，不必重複。這種「舊訊息省略掉」的手法你其實很熟：Do you like it? — Yes, I do.（do 代替 like it）用的是同一個道理。
Namely（也就是、即）用來把前面提過的東西點名說清楚，例 Two people were absent, namely Tom and Amy.（有兩個人缺席，就是湯姆和艾咪。）父親要錢並不是在說明「拒絕」的內容。Altogether（總共；完全地）是計數或程度副詞，例 That comes to $50 altogether.（總共是 50 美元。）Simply（僅僅、只是）語氣輕描淡寫，撐不起這裡的反轉。要注意的是，四個選項擺在句首讀起來都通順，文法完全幫不上忙 — 這種題目只能靠前後句的邏輯關係決定。
instead（取而代之、反倒）、instead of + 名詞或 V-ing（而不是……）、namely（也就是、即）、altogether（總共；完全地）、refuse to V（拒絕做……）、take sb back（把某人接回去）、persuade sb to V（說服某人做……）。
Bill and Sam decided to kidnap the son of a banker to compensate for their business loss. They kidnapped the boy and hid him in a cave. They asked for a ransom of $2,000 to return the boy.
16 , their plan quickly got out of control. Their young captive 17 to be a mischievous boy. He viewed the kidnapping as a wonderful camping trip. He demanded that his kidnappers play tiring games with him, such as riding Bill as a horse for nine miles. Bill and Sam were soon desperate and decided to 18 the little terror. They lowered the price to $1,500.
Yet, knowing perfectly well 19 a troublemaker his son was, the father refused to give them any money. 20 , he asked the kidnappers to pay him $250 to take the boy back. To persuade the boy to return home, Bill and Sam had to tell him that his father was taking him bear-hunting. The kidnappers finally handed over the boy and $250 to the banker and fled town as quickly as they could.