In 1930 we laughed on average for 19 minutes each day, but by 1980 it 34 to six minutes.
答案:(D) had decreased
過去完成式 had decreased,表示到1980年這個時間點之前,笑的時間已經(相對1930年)減少到六分鐘,是早於1980這個過去時間點之前已完成的動作;has been decreasing(現在完成進行式,時態不對)、was decreasing(過去進行式,不強調「已經減少到」這個完成結果)、should have decreased(表推測/建議語氣,不符合這裡陳述事實)都不合。
本題大考中心未公布逐題答對率,以下不談數據,只談觀念。
四個選項都是 decrease 的時態變化,而「一直在減少」聽起來很符合語意,所以現在完成進行式看起來很誘人。這一格的答案由句子裡那個時間標記決定,不是由語感決定。
四個選項都是同一個動詞 decrease 的時態組合,可見這一格考的是時態,那就找句子裡的時間標記。整句是 In 1930 we laughed on average for 19 minutes each day, but by 1980 it ___ to six minutes.(1930 年我們平均每天笑十九分鐘,但到了 1980 年,這個數字已經……到六分鐘。)關鍵是 by 1980:by + 過去的時間點,意思是「到那個時候為止」,指的是在那個過去的時間點之前就已經完成的事,所以要用過去完成式,填 had decreased。掛鉤是國中的 By the time I got there, he had left.(我到那裡的時候,他已經走了。)順便對照 92 年第 28 題:那一題的時間標記是 Since then(從那時起到現在),終點是此刻,所以用現在完成式。時間標記決定時態——先找那個標記,再決定用哪一種完成式。
has been decreasing:現在完成進行式,時間線的終點是現在;但本句的終點是 1980 年,不是此刻。was decreasing:過去進行式,強調當時正在減少的過程,但 by 1980 要的是「到那時為止已經減到六分鐘」這個結果。should have decreased:「本來應該減少(卻沒有)」,帶著與事實相反的責備語氣,與這句單純陳述數據的口吻完全不合。
by + 過去時間 + 過去完成式(到……時已經……)、By the time …, sb had V-ed(到……的時候,某人已經……)、decrease to(減少到)、on average(平均而言)、each day(每天)、19 minutes(十九分鐘)。
Perhaps most of us are familiar with the saying "Laugh and the world 31 with you, weep and you weep alone."32 did you know that according to recent research, people are losing the art of laughter and it could have a 33 effect on our health? In 1930 we laughed on average for 19 minutes each day, but by 1980 it 34 to six minutes. Children, 35 , can see the funny side of things more often and may laugh up to 400 times a day.
By exhaling air from the lungs in short 36 of laughter, breathing is quickened and heartbeats increased, which achieves 37 good as ten minutes on an exercise bike. Laughter, too, has a beneficial effect on our immune system, 38 the production of white blood cells and increasing our resistance to infection.39 makes a difference to our appearance, too, when we relax our facial muscles!
Laughter 40 is the best medicine, so why not give yourself a treat? Have a good laugh today--and feel better for it.