The chemicals can be absorbed into the body and 27 physical discomfort, such as stomach cramps and diarrhea.
答案:(A) cause
並列動詞結構「can be absorbed...and cause」(可以被吸收並且導致身體不適),與前面can的並列結構保持一致用原形動詞cause;causing(現在分詞)、caused(過去式/分詞)、to cause(不定詞)都不合這個並列動詞結構。
看到 and 前面是 can be absorbed(被動),很多人以為後面也要跟著被動,就挑了 caused;也有人直覺補一個現在分詞 causing。這一格答對率只有 47%,難就難在——and 只告訴你「兩邊的形態要一樣」,它告訴不了你「這個動作是主動還是被動」。那一層只能靠讀懂句子的意思。
分兩層做,順序不能顛倒。第一層:形態。把整句的結構拉出來——The chemicals can be absorbed into the body and ___ physical discomfort.整句只有一個助動詞 can,而 and 連接的是 can 後面的兩個動作:can be absorbed(可以被吸收)與 can ___(可以……)。既然共用同一個 can,第二個動作也必須是原形動詞。這一步你國中就用過:I can sing and dance.——dance 前面不必再放一次 can,但形式一定要和 sing 一樣是原形。第二層:語態。這一層 and 幫不上忙,只能回頭讀句子在講什麼。化學物質是「被」人體吸收的(被動),但造成身體不適的是化學物質「自己」(主動)——兩個動作的方向不一樣。所以第二個動詞不能跟著用被動,填原形主動的 cause。還原成兩句驗算最清楚:The chemicals can be absorbed into the body. 加上 The chemicals can cause physical discomfort.(這些化學物質會被人體吸收,並且可能造成身體不適。)記住這一句:同一個主詞底下的兩個並列動詞,形態要一致,語態可以不一樣。看到 and 就整組照抄的人,正是在這一格失手。同型的還有 93 年第 25 題(答對率只有 25%):那一題的 and 連接 To contribute 與 (to) save 兩個不定詞,形態同樣一望即知,但真正的難處是「前半那一整串在句子裡是什麼身分」——它不是第二個祈使句,是表目的的不定詞片語。兩題可以擺在一起看:and 只解決「兩邊要一樣」,解決不了「這一整串在句子裡扮演什麼角色」。(形態一致的其他例子:100 年第 19 題是介系詞 by 後面三個動名詞並列。)
caused:這是本題最容易選的一個。當過去分詞看,會變成「被造成」,方向錯了——不適是化學物質造成的,不是化學物質被不適造成;當過去式看,則與前面的 can 衝突(can 後面只能接原形)。挑它的人多半是看到前面是被動就跟著填被動,那正是「只套並列、不讀句意」的結果。causing:現在分詞,會變成補充說明的分詞構句;但前面已經有 and,and 後面要接的是與前面對等的成分,不是分詞。to cause:不定詞若表目的,會變成「為了造成不適而被吸收」,語意荒謬。
can be V-ed and V(共用助動詞,形態一致語態可不同)、cause discomfort(造成不適)、be absorbed into(被吸收進……)、stomach cramps(胃痙攣)、physical discomfort(身體不適)、such as(例如)。
Many people like to drink bottled water because they feel that tap water may not be safe, but is bottled water really any better? Bottled water is mostly sold in plastic bottles and that's why it is potentially health 26 . Processing the plastic can lead to the release of harmful chemical substances into the water contained in the bottles. The chemicals can be absorbed into the body and 27 physical discomfort, such as stomach cramps and diarrhea. Health risks can also result from inappropriate storage of bottled water. Bacteria can multiply if the water is kept on the shelves for too long or if it is exposed to heat or direct sunlight. 28 the information on storage and shipment is not always readily available to consumers, bottled water may not be a better alternative to tap water.
Besides these 29 issues, bottled water has other disadvantages. It contributes to global warming. An estimated 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide were generated in 2006 by the production of plastic for bottled water. In addition, bottled water produces an incredible amount of solid 30 . According to one research, 90 of the bottles used are not recycled and lie for ages in landfills.